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Abstract

Hemopericardium is a rare but life-threatening complication of anticoagulation therapy. Although bleeding complications are well documented with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), apixaban-induced hemopericardium is exceedingly rare. We report a case of a 56-year-old female with multiple comorbidities, including end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, cerebral vascular accident with residual right-sided weakness, and coronary artery disease, who presented with progressive dyspnea over two months. Imaging revealed a massive pericardial effusion without tamponade Physiology. Despite initial conservative measures, the patient developed hemodynamic instability following fluid removal during dialysis, necessitating urgent pericardiocentesis, which drained 1560 mL of hemorrhagic fluid. Pericardial fluid analysis was negative for malignancy or infection, and apixaban was identified as the likely culprit. DOAC-associated hemopericardium is an underrecognized but serious complication, particularly in patients with renal impairment and concurrent use of p-glycoprotein or CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as amiodarone. Given the increased risk of supratherapeutic drug accumulation in ESRD, clinicians must exercise caution when administering DOACs. This case highlights the importance of recognizing spontaneous hemopericardium as a potential adverse effect of apixaban, especially in high-risk populations. Early echocardiographic evaluation and swift intervention are crucial for preventing catastrophic outcomes.

DOI

10.55729/2000-9666.1568

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