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Ali Karim, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Arisha Menal Gaddi Pathan, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Allah Warayo, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Iftikhar Ahmed, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Aminullah Betanai, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
FNU Dropati, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Saqlain Ahmed, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Pir Rafiullah Jan Sarhandi, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Poonam Kumari, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Raveena Bai Bansari, Department of Medicine, Peoples University Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, Pakistan
Ayesha Batool, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Islamabad, PakistanFollow
Muhammad Ayoob Memon, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Islamabad, PakistanFollow
Ali Al-Ansari, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Islamabad, PakistanFollow
Amin Mehmoodi, Department of Medicine, Ibn e Seena Hospital, Kabul, AfghanistanFollow
Jahanzeb Malik, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract

Olfactory dysfunction has emerged as a prominent symptom of COVID-19, persisting in a subset of patients even after recovery. This scoping review aims to explore the potential of intranasal insulin as a treatment modality for persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to gather relevant studies examining the role of intranasal insulin in treating olfactory dysfunction, particularly in post-COVID-19 cases. Studies were included investigating intranasal insulin's mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes. The review synthesizes findings from various studies suggesting the therapeutic potential of intranasal insulin in improving olfactory function. Research highlights the influence of intranasal insulin on neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity within the olfactory system, providing insights into its mechanisms of action. Furthermore, preliminary clinical evidence suggests improvements in olfactory sensitivity and intensity following intranasal insulin administration in post-COVID-19 patients with persistent olfactory dysfunction. While initial findings are encouraging, further rigorous investigations, including clinical trials with larger cohorts, are essential to validate these observations, ascertain optimal dosage regimens, and establish the safety and efficacy of intranasal insulin. This review provides a foundation for future research directions aimed at harnessing the therapeutic potential of intranasal insulin in addressing olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19.

Keywords Intranasal Insulin; Olfactory Dysfunction; Post-COVID-19; Regeneration; Neuroprotection

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